Investigation on Effects of DOPA pH on Enzyme Activity Essay Example

Investigation on Effects of DOPA pH on Enzyme Activity Paper How do the different pH buffers affect activity of potato enzyme/extract? Introduction: Proteins are polymers that are made up of smaller units/monomers called amino acids. There are 20 different types of amino acids, thus make up many different combinations in types, numbers of amino acids as well as their orders an explanantion for why there are so many proteins. Every protein, due to various reactions of amino acids to each other, have its own three dimensional structures and therefore, function (Reece JB and others 2011). Proteins are fundamental substance that perform various range of metabolism in the organisms body such as fghting pathogens, sending signals, catalyzes reactions, storing substance, or acting as building blocks of body parts (Reece JB and other 2011). Proteins are grouped into four structures includin primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary. Primary structure of protein is composed of a single chain of amino acid without any foldings (The Medical Biochemistry Page, 2013). However, most proteins are active under secondary, tertiary, or quarternary structures. These strucures involve foldings due to he attachment between amino acids including hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, and Van de Waals force (The Medical Biochemistry Page, 2013). Proteins could be denatured due to the effects of temperature or PH. A decrease in pH level causes the environment surrounding to have a more positive charge while an increase in pH level causes the surroundings to have a more negative charge. (Aune, Salahuddin, Zalengo and Tanford 1967). Enzyme is a type of proteins that, by decreasing the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction, can therefore gives a start to that chemical reaction. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigation on Effects of DOPA pH on Enzyme Activity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Investigation on Effects of DOPA pH on Enzyme Activity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Investigation on Effects of DOPA pH on Enzyme Activity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Either atabolic or anabolic reactions need an enzyme to occur (Reece JB and others 2011). Every enzyme has an active site (Reece JB and others 2011). Enzymes metabolism occurs as enzyme binds to a substrate, which is specific to its enzymes structure and function, to form an enzyme2 subtrate complex (The Medical Biochemistry Page, 2013). As an enzyme binds to its substrate, the enzyme slight changes shape. (Reece JB and others 2011) Enzymes are denatured due to changes in temperature and pH as other types of proteins are. A slight change in pH away from the proteins optimal pH level can cause huge loss to he activitiy of an enzyme. In a strong basic or acidic pH solution, enzymes are denatured quickly and lose their functions. For most proteins, the optimal pH is around 7. 2 and 7. 4 (University Leipzeig, 2013). In this experiment, the enzyme activity (which is included in the potato extract) is measured in DOPA of pH 6. 8 and of pH 5. 0. If enzyme activity is measured in environment of DOPA pH 6. 8 and DOPA pH 5. 0, enzyme activity will be higher in DOPA environment that the enzymes are introduced in are shifted away from its optimal pH, causing denaturation and lowering enzyme activity, resulting in lower enzyme ctivity comaring to DOPA pH 6. . Materials and Methods: Gloves and goggles were always on over the course of this lab. Potato extract and four 15mL conical tubes were obtained. One was labeled phosphate buffer and 5mL of 0. 1M phosphate buffer was added in. Another one was labeled dH20 and add 5mL of distilled water. Another conical tube was labeled DOPA 5. 0 and add 3mL of DOPA pH 5. 0. The last one was labeled DOPA 6. 8 and add 3mL of pH 6. 8. Everything was kept on ice until needed. Spectrometer was calibrated followed inspectors instruction. Then 4 cuvettes were obtained. For the first cuvette, 2mL of DOPA 6. and 100pL of enzyme were added (enzymes should always be put last into the cuvettes). This cuvette was then placed in the spectrometer and spectrometer was used to measure enzyme activity. When absorbance data reached 200s in spectrometer, this cuvette was removed. The second cuvette had 2mL of 3 distilled water and 100pL of enzyme added in it and was placed into the spectrometer to measure enzyme activity until it reaches 200s. 2mL of distilled water and 100pL of DOPA 6. 8 was added into the third cuvette. It was then placed in the pectrometer to get measures for enzyme activity. th cuvette had 2mL of DOPA 5. 0 and 100pL of enzyme added in it and was placed into spectrometer to get measurements as for the first three cuvettes. When the experiment is finished, the waste was disposed properly. Results: Through the course of this experiment, the effects of different pH levels on enzyme activity. was examined. It was found that enzyme activity under DOPA of pH 6. 8 was higher than enzyme activity in DOPA of pH 5. 0. The percent change of Dopachrome formed for 50s of the experiment was calculated along with the overall percentage hange of Dopachrome formed (Figure 1). These calculated results were greater for enzyme activity in pH 6. 8 than Percent change of Dopachrome formed (%) that in pH 5. 0. 73. 7 80. 0 70. 0 60. 0 50. 0 40. 0 19. 7 20. 9 20. 0 5. 9 10. 0 0. 0 PH 6. 8 PH 5. 0 PH of DOPA 50S -100S 100S 1 50S -200S 50s-200s (Total change) The Effects of Different pH on Enzyme Activity Figure 1: The Effects of Different pH on Enzyme Activity 4 Discussion: The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effect of different pH of DOPA on activity of enzymes. Percentage change of Dopachrome formed was calculated. The hypothesis for this experiment was stated that the enzyme activity would be higher in DOPA pH 6. 8 than that in DOPA pH 5. 0. This hypothesis was supported. Percent enzyme in DOPA pH 5. 0, meaning that the enzymes in pH 6. 8 work better than those in pH 5. 0. This likely happens due to the effect of enzyme denaturation. Since most enzymes have optimal pH of 7. 2 to 7. 4 (University Leipzeig, 2013), enzymes are denatured in pH 5. 0 because the environment pH was away from its optimal pH for activity. A decrease in pH level causes a more postive charge to the environment Aune, Salahuddin, Zalengo and Tanford 1967), causing the solution to be too acidic for this enzyme that causes the enzyme to lose its shape, leading to inability to function (Reece JB and others 2011) Several random sources of errors and inconsistences could have involved throughout the experiment including inappropriate storage conditions for enzymes and DOPA, errors in conditioning pH of DOPA, uncertainty of solution conditions such as temperature or light, or unreactive enzyme. Systematic error that could have existed was bits of solution remains in transfer pipet and couldnt be fully tested. Future experiments could be conducted to investigate closely on changing the type of enzyme using or the amount of enzyme added or DOPA added could also be changed. Changing pH level to pH 8, pH 10 or changing temperature could also be extensions for future experiment. However, for any experiment that would be conducted, there is a simple rule which follows: moving away from optimal condition for an enzyme decreases that enzymes activity. Literary Cited Aune KI, Salahuddin AH, Zalengo MA, Tanford CH. 1967. Evidence for Residual Structure in Acid- and Heat- denatured Proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 242 (10): 4486 4489. Reece JB, Urry LA, Cain ML, Wasserman SA, Minorsky PV, Jackson RB. 2011. Campbell Biology, 9th edition. San Francisco: Pearson Education, 1263p. The Medical Biochemistry Page [Internet]. Updated July 21, 2013. Michael W King. [Updated July 21, 2013; cited October 28, 2013]. http://themedicalbiochemistrypage. org/protein-structure. php Universitat Leipzeig [Internet]. Updated 2013. Dr. Thole Zuchner. [Updated 2013; Cited October 22, 2013]. Avaiable from http://www. uni-leipzig. de/uspdu/docs/Protein%20guide_Storage_Working. pdf 6

Hastings College Admissions (ACT Scores, Financial Aid, Costs More)

Hastings College Admissions (ACT Scores, Financial Aid, Costs More) Hastings College Admissions Overview: Hastings has an acceptance rate of 64%, making it a largely accessible school. Applicants will need to submit scores from either the SAT or ACT as part of their application. For more information, including important deadlines, be sure to check out Hastings Colleges website. And, feel free to contact the admissions office with any questions, or to set up a visit to the school. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016): Hastings College Acceptance Rate: 64%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 460 / 500SAT Math: 430 / 510SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 20 / 26ACT English: 19  / 25ACT Math: 18  / 26What these ACT numbers mean Hastings College Description: Founded in 1882 in Hastings, Nebraska, Hastings College is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church. Hastings, in the southern part of the state, is about an hour and a half west of Lincoln, with a population of 25,000. At Hastings College, students can choose from over 60 majors, with choices in business, education, and the arts among the most popular. Academics are supported by a 14 to 1 student / faculty ratio. Outside of the classroom, Hastings offers a variety of student-run clubs and organizations, including recreational sports (frisbee, rodeo, bowling); academic clubs (political science club, artists guild); fraternities and sororities; and performing arts groups (bell choir, jazz ensembles, musical theatre). Students have the opportunity to attend chapel services on campus, and can participate in a number of faith-based activities, such as Habitat for Humanity, Chapel Band, and the Fellowship of Christian Athletes. In athletics, the Hastings College Broncos compete in the NAIA (National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics), within the Great Plains Athletic Conference. Popular sports include Football, Track and Field, Softball, and Soccer.   Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 1,246  (1,186 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 50% Male / 50% Female93% Full-time Costs (2016- 17): Tuition and Fees: $28,250Books: $1,100 (why so much?)Room and Board: $8,880Other Expenses: $3,681Total Cost: $41,911 Hastings College Financial Aid (2015- 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 100%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 100%Loans: 74%Average Amount of AidGrants: $19,571Loans: $6,486 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Elementary Education, Music Education, Business Administration, Biology, Sociology, Fine ArtsWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 65%Transfer-out Rate: 1%4-Year Graduation Rate: 46%6-Year Graduation Rate: 58% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Football, Golf, Track and Field, Baseball, Basketball, Soccer, Tennis, WrestlingWomens Sports:  Track and Field, Soccer, Tennis, Softball, Volleyball, Basketball, Golf Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like Hastings College, You May Also Like These Colleges: Regis College: ProfileBellevue University: ProfileDrake University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Kansas: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphWayne State College: ProfileUniversity of Wyoming: Profile  | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphColorado State University: Profile  | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphConcordia University Nebraska: ProfileBriar Cliff University: ProfileChadron State College: ProfileCreighton University: Profile  | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Iowa: Profile  | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph

Big Band Jazz

Across the world there are thousands of languages that we as people use to communicate with one another. Many of these languages have been developed out of others, therefore sharing similar dialects, accents, and in some cases even some words are very similar. Yet of all the languages that are spoken across the world, there is only one that is fluently spoken and understood on every continent, and that is the language of Music.Yet because this language is spoken in so many different parts of the world, in many cases the way it is spoken has a direct relation to when, ND where It Is spoken as well. This country has yielded many different types of music that have In turn, yielded different types of music. For example; from Bluegrass came modern country music, from Soul came RB and Neo-Soul, from Rock and Roll came alternative and punk rock. All of these different types of music are products of their surroundings at conception, but no other than Jazz could yield as dynamic and brilliant of a sound as Big Band Jazz.Following the rise of Dixieland Jazz in the sass was a new style performed by a large ensemble usually consisting of 10 or more players. These bands, called big bands, relied increasingly on saxophones instead of clarinets, and emphasized sectional playing. The overall Instrumentation was broken down Into three groups of instruments: brass which included trumpets and trombones, reed which included saxophones with players sometimes doubling on clarinet, and rhythm section which included the piano, bass, drums, guitar, and in later years, the vibes .Generally big band arrangements followed a standard form; the melody was played by the entire band In unison or harmony then the soloists would Improvise based on the songs elodea, style, and chord progression, and then the melody would be restated, sometimes in a varied or more elaborate way. The music performed by big bands was called swing, a type of music that people could dance to easily. It was performed in a triplet swing rhythm style. This energetic dance music was very popular for almost two decades, with the swing era extending through the mid sass. During this ti me, thousands of big bands played across the united States. They performed written arrangements of popular and Jazz songs, sometimes with a vocalist. Radio broadcasts spread Interest In big band music by bringing it into peoples homes. Ballrooms such as the Savoy and the Roseland in New York were extremely popular venues for hearing the latest big band sounds. Although often times they arent given credit, clarinetist Benny Goodman, trombonist Tommy Dorset, clarinetist and saxophonist Jimmy Dorset, trombonist and arranger Glenn Miller, clarinetist and saxophonist Woody Herman, pianist and composer Duke Elongating, were some of the pioneers of the Big Band sound.Although the emphasis in this style of music is mainly on instrumentalist, vocalist such as Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, Frank Sinatra, and Being Crosby often sung with many of these bands. Of these pioneers, none are as revered for contributing to the genre as William 1 OFF where he learned and became proficient at playing the piano. He began playing with professionals and ended up on a tour that had to go through Kansas City. It was there that Basis, and the rest of the musicians were stranded, and disbanded.After becoming acclimated to the Kansas City style, and play for with, and at different places and people, he started his own group. Count Basiss group became very popular for their rhythm section which was so tight that the soloist became known for their riffs. A riff is a short melody usually at a break, rest, or pause in the music. They are used to elaborate and fancy up the given melody of the piece. Inflections in the music such as his riffs shaped Basses sounds, and style. Another one of Big Bands pioneers who contributed greatly to the music, and especially to his times was Duke Elongating. Born Edward Kennedy Elongating and then later nicknamed Duke by one of his piano teachers, he like many other musicians darted learning and perfecting their craft at a young age. At the young age of seventeen he had dropped out of High School to completely dedicate himself to his music. After playing with and for people and musicians at different venues, he would eventually put together what seemed to him like the perfect group of players, and they called themselves the Washingtons (after Dukes birthplace; Washington D. C. Contrary to his recent failures at sustaining a sound the people liked with a group, the Washingtons were a hit, and became very popular. They had developed a Tyler all their own that had been labeled by the press as Jungle sound . From there he went on to form his orchestra which would end up playing regularly at the famous Cotton Club in New York City. Throughout his musical career he would compose, arrange, and rearrange literally thousands of works; some for solo instruments, some for bands and orchestras, and some for himself on the piano.He would be known for his style of writing for soloists inside of his groups, knowing their capabilities and strong points. He is also known for being able to adapt to the changing times unlike any of his contemporaries. Some of his most popular works include Dont get around much anymore, and the song that defined the era It dont mean a thing if it anti got that swing. Duke Elongating was the perfect example of how musicians then were Just as popular to the media and society as artists are today.He was kind, polite, and polished, and that added to his incredible musicianship made Duke Elongating one of the greatest and most favored musicians of his and all time. Although the Big Band/Swing era was dominated largely by instrumental Jazz, vocal Jazz would usher in new concepts as well. As early as 1926 the famous Louis Armstrong would drop the lyrics to one of his songs, and try out a new way of singing . This new way was a mixture of creating sounds and syllables and improvisational singing.This style would be called scat. Though Louis Armstrong invented this style, it is usually more closely associated, and didnt become popular until Ella Fitzgerald would begin to use it. Ella seemed to add dazzle to scatting and clearly defined it as a vocal improvisation using phonetic sounds similar to the instrumental sounds of Jazz . Other singers added to the early ideas of scat such as Sara Vaughn who was also key in bringing Jazz, and scat into the American home, with a number of radio and TV programs .Scatting would, like many other forms of jazz, become a favorite amongst musicians audiences, and helped shape Jazz into Through people like Count Basis and his riffs, Duke Elongating and his Jungle music, and Ella Fitzgerald and her scatting was Jazz defined during an era of turbulence in the country on many fronts. The Big Band Swing style was the dialect of language that Americans used to communicate with one another when we couldnt seem to use he English language efficiently.

America's Ethos and why Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 decided to intervene Term Paper

America's Ethos and why Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 decided to intervene militarily in the Dominican Civil War - Term Paper Example The constitution began as a compromise between the people who believed in central government with diffusion of power across the state and those who perceived the central government to be weak if diffusing its power across states (Bryson 771). Lyndon B Johnson became the 36th president in US. He served in all elected federal offices in US. He served as a democrat between 1937 and 1949, as a senator between 1949 and 1961. After assassination of President John Kennedy in 1963, Johnson took over the presidency. He won the support of Democratic Party. He designed the legislation on Great Society that saw the inclusion of the law that upheld the civil rights and fight on poverty. The bill on civil rights banned racial discrimination in the public facilities (Colman 34). According to the ethos in America, U.S. was not to seek the leadership position in the world. However, it was providence or fate that forced America into a new role. The American ethos does not include of America becoming the worlds police. Nevertheless, events in history conspired in creating a bipolar world comprising of two superpowers competing on global governance structure (Segal 366). For instance, after President Truman informed the new responsibilities by America to the Joint Congress in 1947, the Soviets undermined the agreements. Currently, each nation has its own way of life, with the choices being free for anyone. Among the different preferences lie in freedom of religion and speech, free elections and free institutions among others. Remarkably, in a very short timeframe, the foreign policy in US and the world politics pivoted to internationalism from the isolationism if not interventionism. The U.S. was prompted to increase its massive military to survive the effects of WWII. As a result, there was intervention in US troops to take the forward positions in projecting the US power as well as deterring

PERSONAL FINANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PERSONAL FINANCE - Essay Example The two children attend a nearby secondary school and likely to attend university. As a planner, I will ensure that the advice give to the Jameson family is suitable to the financial circumstances, and situation of the family and the financial plan will match their level of financial literacy. This paper will produce a comprehensive financial plan for the Jameson family under the following headings: 1. Current financial situation Before setting goals and strategies, it is important for the Jameson Family to determine its current financial standing. Determining the current financial position is the first step in the creation of a personal financial plan (Gitman and Joehnk, 2008). Having a thorough understanding of ones current financial position will help in the formulation of well informed and realistic goals. Therefore, the Jameson will need to determine the family’s current net worth by getting the total of their current liabilities less the total current assets. The followi ng charts will be used in the calculation of the net worth of the Jameson Family- it is simply a family balance sheet for the Jameson Family. ... wner Value Cash expenditure Joint $80,000 Insurance premiums Phillip Belinda 1,546.48 478 Total current Bills 82,024.48 Outstanding Debt Owner Value Mortgage loan Joint 100,000 Personal loan Belinda 17,000 Credit Card Joint 5,000 Total outstanding debt 122,000 Total liabilities 204,024.48 Net worth of the Jameson Family Total assets less the Total liabilities= 1,312,641- 204,024.48= $1,108,616.52 A net worth of $1,108,616.52 for the Jameson family is an indication of a better financial position for the couple/family. The client’s situation Broad category Age Group (years) Characteristics Middle age 45-55 Children usually leave home or attend tertiary education. Level of income increases. Superannuation, debt reduction, asset accumulation and risk management would be important in this stage. 2. Objectives Setting financial objectives and goals is the second step in the preparation of a personal finance. Setting of goals or objectives will give the couple a direction for their p lan as well the destination toward which they should head (Gitman and Joehnk, 2008). Some of the obvious objectives include monthly savings and retirement investments. The goal should be very smart, measurable, realistic, time based, attainable and specific. The objectives of the Jameson Family will be categorised as short term, long term or even intermediate. The development of these objectives will allow the family to achieve successes early in the plan while keeping their eye towards the future (Koh, 2012). It is also quite important for the family to establish its priorities, consider its net worth in order to make realistic objectives which align with their financial situation (Melicher and Norton, 2011). The objectives or goals should be stated as dollar amount against its future date or

Television broadcast Essay Example for Free

Television broadcast Essay 1. The pressure announced on last nights television weather broadcast was 29.92. Explain how this was measured and give the units. Would this be considered an unusually large or low pressure value? A pressure announced on the weather forecast of 29.92 is an average measurement. It is measured with a barometer and in the United States the units of measure are inches of mercury, or inHg. This is what meteorologist are referring to in their forecasts. 29.92 inHg is a measurement within the normal range. This may be referred to as air pressure, atmospheric pressure or barometric pressure. They are all the same thing. Low pressure readings are associated with stormy weather and precipitation, while high pressure readings are indicated by clear and calm weather. Here is Portland, Oregon, where it rains 9 months of the year, we experience normal pressure readings of 29.92 inHg or slightly higher or lower. It only changes when we have exceptionally worse or better weather. 2. If the earth did not rotate, how would you expect winds to blow with respect to high and low pressure centers? With no earth rotation, winds would blow in straight lines. They would move from a huge high pressure region, the side in direct sunlight, to the lowest pressure region. This would be the dark side of the earth. The side the sun never touches. Cold air from the dark side would then be pulled back to the sunny side in straight lines to be warmed and then pushed back again. The dark side would be in a constant state of stormy weather, while the sun side would experience beautiful clear, calm, sunny days. If it didn’t get cooked by the sun, that is. 3. If the pressure gradient force remained the same but the earths rate of rotation decreased slightly, would you expect the speed of the geostrophic wind to increase, decrease or remain about the same? If pressure gradient winds remained the same but the earth’s rotation slowed geostrophic winds would increase. The Coriolis force is a force based on the earth’s rotation. Because the earth spins objects in the atmosphere do not move in straight lines. The earth’s rotation causes them to veer of course. This is the CF. Pressure gradient winds (PGF) along with CF balance out geostrophic winds. If the earth slowed, the CF would decrease, so geostrophic winds would have to increase to maintain this balance. 4. Explain why it is much more difficult to measure snowfall amount than rainfall amount. Rain is measured by the amount of liquid contained in the measurement device. Whatever is amount of liquid is in the device, is the  measurement. However snow, has various factors that can impact its measurement. First of all snowfall measurement is based on how much liquid there would be if the snow was melted into liquid form. There are several factors that can impact how much snow is measured in a device. Wind can move snow from high points to low points and vice versa. The surface on which the snow is falling onto can also impact a measurement. The length of time the snow has been on the ground and how compact it is can also effect measurements. Measuring in several places and then using an average can give a more accurate total. Meteorologists usually forecast snow amounts giving a range of totals due to these factors which make it challenging to give an exact forecast. 5. Would you expect to find a subsidence inversion to be associated with high or low pressure? What effects might a subsidence inversion have on weather conditions at the ground? Subsidence inversions happen in areas of high pressure. A mass of cold air sinks slowly and is heated by adiabatic compression lower in the atmosphere. This causes this type of inversion. Subsidence inversions are high in the atmosphere and never reach the bottom because of turbulent mixing. The top of a subsidence inversion can usually be indicated by a smoky or dusty looking layer that has a distinguishable line. This line marks the top of this inversion. Effects can include low visibility and poor air quality. References Ahrens, C. D. (01/2014). Essentials of Meteorology: An Invitation to the Atmosphere, 7th Edition [VitalSource Bookshelf version]. Retrieved fromhttp://online.vitalsource.com/books/9781305439733

The Great National Temperance Drink :: essays papers

The Great National Temperance Drink Coca-Cola Enterprises is the self-proclaimed largest bottler of "liquid, nonalcoholic refreshment" in the world. More than 350 million people live in Coke territory and since late last century most have been addicted to the sweetened water. Anyone who prefers sipping an ice-cold Coca-Cola Classic (or one of their companion sodas such as Diet Coke, Sprite, Mr. Pibb, Cherry Coke, Mello Yellow, etc.) should start deciding how much they are willing to pay for them in the grocery store following the New Year. Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc., or CCE, is planning to progressively raise the price of their soft drinks by as much as 5% during the next year. This increase is being directly prompted by the imposition of a higher annual target growth for 2000 of 6% by the Coca-Cola Corporation of Atlanta, Georgia, which owns a 40% share in the bottler. This target volume growth is double that of last year's expectation and triple that of this year's growth. While some people are blaming inflation and rising marginal costs (see Figure 1 below) for the price hike and Coca-Cola Co. is pressing fault on the negative impact of foreign currency, another factor may also be creating pressure for Coke to regain lost incoming revenues. This summer's contamination scares and product recalls in Belgium, France and Poland definitely hurt sales in Europe, as well as removed 17 million cases from the supply of products. Another costly segment of this issue was the compensation and distributing costs of 15 million liters worth of coupons for free Coca-Cola products the disgruntled residents of Belgium received. CCE estimated that the total loss was about $103 million, including a case volume decline of 6-7% in Europe. The annual total revenues of CCE from sales as well as the costs associated with operation, delivery, and administrative expenditures, all in terms of millions of dollars. While this graph includes neither long-term debt nor shareholder payments, it does indicate a noticeable jump in marginal costs of production in the last few years. This is closely paralleled by an increase in revenues, indicative of previous price increases. Regardless of the cause, let's look at the consequences of this price increase driven by Mama Coke... While a few consumers are die-hard Coke or Pepsi drinkers, some us easily become indifferent once faced with a grocer's aisle filled with refreshment possibilities.

Analysis of Adidas

POLITICAL FACTORS: Political stability is an important factor in any country for Adidas. Political and regulatory risks include potential losses from expropriation, nationalization, civil unrest, terrorism and significant changes to trade policies . In particular the Adidas Group faces risks arising from sudden increase of import restrictions, charges in the taxation system of a country, minimum wage policy, import tariffs and duties that could compromise the free flow of goods.ECONOMIC FACTORS: Economic growth and interest rates are major factors for any economy in the world, if interest rates are too high and keep rising, then the demand for products will fall, as it makes saving more attractive and borrowing more expensive (Babette & Ferrell et. al 2008). Whereas if interest rates are too low, people are encouraged to spend, as saving isn’t attractive. This means that there is more money going round in the economy and makes goods seem cheaper, which is bad for the economy a s it causes inflation to increase. This is why it is important that interest rates are stable. Taxation, VAT, Inflation, unemployment and per capita income highly affect the company’s profitability.SOCIAL FACTORS: Adidas target market comprises of people from different social backgrounds. The Adidas Group is affected by people’s religion, race, culture, education levels, population, gender, buying habits and lifestyle. Different religions like Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Judaism and many more have different buying patterns and opinions for any products they buy (Wilson 2005). The Adidas Group has penetrated most countries so all these social attributes play very important roles in deciding the company’s strategy. PEST ANALYSISTECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS Technological advances in things like machinery will have an affect on the Adidas Group. The latest Technology can speed up production, save energy or cut down labour costs. Currently the world has become a small vi llage and the use of the Internet is increasing day by day all around the world, so  Adidas needs to make sure that they keep up-to-date with the Internet all the time. It will help customers to buy online, and help it to advertise online and many other things.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization Essay

Globalization is â€Å"the integration of states through increasing contact, communication and trade to create a single global system in which the process of change increasingly binds people together in a common fate.† Some economists see globalization as being in the best interest of all states involved, while others believe that increasing modern trade and global economic relations is harmful in many ways. While globalization marks a move in the direction of a more open world-trading government, it can also be connected to damages on independence, making countries lose the ability to be totally independent. As a result, issues of globalization and free trade are surrounded by an excited debate and controversy. The economic demands of globalization have made countries less independent, making them incapable of taking care of their own issues, economies, and governments, with out the help of foreign aid. The more the weaker countries take from the more fortified countries, the greater their dependence and inability to take care of themselves they will become. While they depend on other countries for financial and political support, they do not learn how to be more self sufficient. They do not create enough revenue or have enough political power to stand on their own with out the threat of a financially or governmentally crashing. The more self-reliant countries therefore have to use their own resources to support these nations and therefore there will is less money and goods available to support their own societies and economies. Globalization slowly drains capital and commodities from the stronger, more independent countries. The resources go to countries that will probably never be able to thrive with out aid, but with out it would dissolve and disrupt the balance of the political and economic scales. To make global or worldwide in scope or application of trade, communication, and resources is what is known as globalization. The idea of unifying the world markets, the infinite numbers of ways to correspond, and the limited resources of humankind sounds like an intelligent idea. Many have come to realize however that by helping countries by giving them financial aid and the resources they need makes them dependent, not any stronger or self- sufficient. Advantages: Productivity increases faster when countries produce goods and services in which they have a competitive advantage. Living standards can increase more rapidly. Global competition and cheap imports keep a constraint on prices, so inflation is less likely to disrupt economic growth. An open economy promotes technological development and innovation, with fresh ideas from abroad. Jobs in export industry tend to pay about 15% more than jobs in import-competing industries. Unfettered capital movements provide the United States access to foreign investment and maintain the low interest rates. Disadvantages: Millions of Americans have lost jobs because of imports or shifts in production abroad. Most find new jobs that pay less. Millions of other Americans fear of getting laid-off, especially at those firms operating in import-competing industries. Workers face demands of wage concessions from their employers, which often threaten to export jobs abroad if wage concessions are not agreed to. Besides blue-collar jobs, service and white-collar jobs are increasingly vulnerable to operations being sent overseas. American employees can lose their competitiveness when companies build state-of-the-art factories in low-wage countries, making them as productive as those in the United States.

Comparison of the Species Composition of Various Land Plots Using Rarefaction Curves Essays

Comparison of the Species Composition of Various Land Plots Using Rarefaction Curves Essays Comparison of the Species Composition of Various Land Plots Using Rarefaction Curves Paper Comparison of the Species Composition of Various Land Plots Using Rarefaction Curves Paper The experiment shall create a comparison of the biodiversity of various land plots through the use of Rarefaction Curves derived from the samples. The curves shall be attained by sampling different plots (2, 4 and 9 m2) for plant and tree species along transects of the area dividing lines of the plots. The curves shall then be analyzed through the use of Eco-Tool’s Richness Estimators v. 2.1. Results of the experiment do not tally with the initial assumption of the proportionality of the sample size to the biodiversity. The analysis of the Rarefaction Curves indicate some dispersion of the curves, which may reflect a need to refine data. Introduction Biodiversity plays a role in the maintenance and enhancement of an ecosystem. In a food web, it can be seen that the loss of an organism which plays the same role as another organism is not as significant as compared to the loss of an organism which plays a single role in the food web. The changing physical environment, however, has thinned the biodiversity of ecosystem. Worm et. al. suggests that these changes have been more enigmatic for the oceans than for landscapes (2006). The loss of biodiversity in an ecosystem thus breaks the stability of a system and its subsequent recovery. Thus, there is a need to monitor biodiversity and specify the ecosystem’s characteristics along environmental gradients. Sampling is based on the assumption that the more samples that is drawn from a location, the more species that the sampling will gather. Thus, the diversity of the gathered species will depend on the quantity of organisms sampled. Complete census of the different environments, however, is not feasible. From time to time, new species are seen on environments that have been sampled for a long time (Rothamstead, 2010). The fact that complete census is not feasible is countered by the fact that as sampling increases in quantity, the new species discovered from the sampling gradually becomes asymptotic. Thus, the number of unique species that can be gathered in a place approaches a set value. Asymptotic species richness estimators, however, tend to overestimate species richness. The problems that the asymptotic estimators face are solved through the use of rarefaction curves. These curves simulate the concepts stated above since the curve rises quickly at first, where there is an abundance of unique discoveries of new species in the sample, until it reaches an asymptotic value. Rarefaction also simulates real-time situation through random re-sampling. This experiment aims to prove the assumptions of discoveries approaching an asymptotic value as the sample size increases and that the larger the sample size, the more diverse the sample shall be. The experiment also aims to develop rarefaction curves of the gathered plot samples.

Equal opportunities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Equal opportunities - Essay Example The proportion of women working in essentially male staffed sectors, the informal sector, or in various forms of contract labour, is often high, just as the proportional participation of women in the formal sector are often lower and they tend to suffer from occupational segregation and disadvantage in terms of their conditions of employment (those who receive unequal pay for work of equal value). Gender equality in GLA has been clearly set out from the start, with important issues of the process already in motion. It is exceptional in that the organization doesn't suffer the history of disadvantage found in the many of public sector bodies, and can therefore work on gender equality can go ahead without the traditional constraints. The public duty on gender equality in GLA makes required arrangements with regard to the principle that there should be equality for all. Its strategy for equality for women attempts that the organisation reflects the entire local community at all strata. The mainstreaming of gender equality has been found to be considerably easier in a newly created public body with equalities as a dimension of officer responsibilities. This is visible in The GLA advocates: A common approach for performance indicators on equalities Clear equalities targets to measure performance Equalities indicators integrated into the best value process These recommendations have streamlined the policies and practices that have helped the GLA become an exemplary employer that reflects the equalities programme for the population of London. This is visible in all functional bodies that include the Metropolitan Police, London Transport, the Fire Service and the London Development Agency. However, the still existing problem sectors, such as, employment of fewer women at particular grades in the Metropolitan Police and the lack of women transport planners are being addressed with the agility it deserves. The GLA is aiming to analyse the results of its current policies on: Outcomes of the best value review of equalities Improving the performance of managerial performance, particularly around serving of functional bodies Learning from the experience of the first two years The overall impact of the recent directives of the GLA on equality have been appreciated in the work of the London Development Agency, though there are critics too, still two years of operation is early enough to conduct a detailed assessment of the success or otherwise of particular strategies. Critics have stated that the new policies and programmes have failed to satisfy the equality issues. The special appointment of the Director (Equality

Research Findings, Statistical Analysis and interpretation for Essay - 2

Research Findings, Statistical Analysis and interpretation for Etisalat Telecom Corporation - Essay Example Next is the presentation of results of reliability analysis are presented for all the items used in the questionnaire and for each item used in the questionnaire. The third section presents the results of correlation analysis using graphs where the performance data is graphically presented on their associations. The last section presents the results of hypotheses tests using one-sample t-tests. Table 1 shows the age distribution of the respondents. As shown, the results show that 34% of the respondents were aged 21-25 years, 11% were aged 26-30 years, 13% were aged 31-35 years, 16% were aged 36-40 years, and 28% were aged 41 years or above. Thus most of the respondents were aged 21-25 and above 40 years. These results are also presented in Figure 1. The graphical presentation of ratio analysis is provided in Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5. As shown there has been a decline in performance of Etisat in all the ratios. It can be noted that since 2006, the gross profit margin, pre (ITDA) profit margin, operating profit margin, and net profit margin has been falling to the lowest in 2012. Figure 2 shows that the gross profit margin was 79.21% and declined to 75.94 in 2007, 68.63% in 2008, 68% in 2009, 67.25% in 2010, 64.2% in 2011 and in 2012. This clearly shows a decline in the gross profit margin for Etisalat Company. Figure 3 show that pre (ITDA) profit margin was highest in 2006 at 76.82% and lowest in 2012 at 61.65% having declined over the period of analysis. Figure 4 also shows a decline in operating profit margin as it was the highest in 2006 at 68.25% and lowest in 2012 at 51.69% having also declined over the years. Figure 5 shows that the net profit margin was highest in 2006 at 35.97% and lowest in 2012 at 26.92%. This shows a decline of operating profit margin over the period of analysis. Table 2 shows the descriptive results for all the 30 items used in the study. As shown, the results are